BSA-stabilized manganese phosphate nanoflower with enhanced nanozyme activity for highly sensitive and rapid detection of glutathione.

The development of an efficient protein-inorganic nanohybrid with superior nanozyme activity for highly sensitive detection of glutathione (GSH) is essential for early diagnosis of human diseases. Herein, a rapid and highly sensitive colorimetric assay using self-assembled bovine serum albumin-hydrated manganese phosphate nanoflowers (MnPNF) as a biomimic oxidase is developed for GSH detection in human serum. The BSA can complex with Mn2+ to serve the nucleation center to produce MnPNF in the presence of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The morphology and surface characterization results show that the MnPNF is assembled with hierarchical nanoplates to form 500 nm nanoflowers. The oxidase-like activity of MnPNF is based on the redox reaction with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. However, the addition of GSH can reduce MnPNF to Mn2+, and subsequently supresses the oxidase-like activity and a yellow color at 450 nm is observed in the presence of H2SO4. The MnPNF-based nanozyme exhibits excellent sensing ability toward GSH detection, and a good linear relationship between the change in absorbance at 450 nm and the added amounts of GSH at 50 nM-10 µM with low limits of detection of 20 and 26.6 nM in the PBS and diluted human serum, respectively, is observed. Moreover, the sensing probe shows a superior selectivity over the other 16 interferences, which drive the determination of GSH feasible in real human serum. Since the MnPNF can be simply prepared at room temperature and no functionalization is required, this assay can be used to design the highly efficient biomimic oxidase for effective sensing of GSH and other disease-related biomolecules in biological fluid samples.

Behavior of schmutzdecke with varied filtration rates of slow sand filter to remove total coliforms.

The previous research showed that slow sand filtration (SSF) can remove the total coli by approximately 99% because of the schmutzecke layer in the filter. The presented study aimed to complete the previous research on SSF, especially on the schmuztdecke layer mechanism, to remove total coli. Total coli is a parameter of water quality standard in Indonesia, and the behavior of schmutzdecke affects the total coli removal. In the present study, the raw water from Amprong River was treated using horizontal roughing filter (HRF) and SSF. The variations in SSF rate used were 0.2 and 0.4 m/h. Total coliforms were analyzed using the most probable number test, and schmutzdecke visualization was conducted through scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The best coliform concentration in water treated by the combination of HRF and SSF was 4,386 colonies per 100 mL of sample using the filtration rate of 0.2 m/h, and its removal efficiency was 99.60%. However, the quality of water treated by the combination of HRF and SSF did not meet the drinking water quality standard because the removal of total coli must be 100%. The SEM-EDX visualization results in schmutzdecke showed that the average bacteria in the schmutzdecke layer were small, white, opaque, and circular, with entire edge and flat elevation. The Gram test results showed that the schmutzdecke bacteria consisted of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with basil as the common cell form.

CALLUS INDUCTION OF Sonchus arvensis L. AND ITS ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a global health problem that requires urgent need for new drugs. Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) possesses many potential medicinal compounds. As the plant is originally found wild, it is important to reproduce its secondary metabolites by tissue culture. The objectives of this study were to look for effective methods to induce callus from leaf explants of Sonchus arvensis L. and to test its in vitro antiplasmodial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The leaves and petioles of the plant were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium supplemented with indole acetic-3-acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzyl amino purine (BAP), in light and dark incubations. The best results obtained from callus induction were then treated by with several concentrations of sucrose (1- 5%). The best results from callus induction were then extracted with methanol for antiplasmodial test by Trager and Jensen's method. It was also tested against 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS: The combination of 1mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BAP in dark incubation was the best treatment for callus induction of tempuyung. It produced the best quality of callus and the shortest period for callusing. Sucrose treatment had various effects on leaves callusing, but had no effect on petioles callusing, whereby 4% sucrose was the best treatment for leaves callusing in dark incubation. The methanol extract of the best callus had anti-plasmodial activity with IC50=0.343 µg/mL. CONCLUSION: Methanol extract of tempuyung callus shows potential as an antimalarial drug but more studies would be required.

Characterization of a mixture of algae waste-bentonite used as adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution.

The usage of wastes of algae would be admirable from environmental and solid waste management point of view. Thus, herein, this data set present a facile method for providing an adsorbent from mixture of algae waste-bentonite. The prepared adsorbent was applied to remove Pb2+ from aqueous solution. The characterization data of the adsorbent were analyzed using FTIR and SEM-EDX methods. The FTIR test results showed that there is a shift in the wave numbers on the adsorbent that has been loaded with Pb indicating that there is an interaction between the adsorbent and Pb. The SEM-EDX test results showed that there is Pb on the adsorbent that has been loaded with Pb. It was conducted in laboratory scale and the adsorption technique was batch technique. The acquired data indicated that the adsorption of Pb2+ by the adsorbent prepared from mixture of algae waste-bentonite is a promising technique for treating Pb-bearing wastewaters.

Characterization and isotherm data for adsorption of Cd2+ from aqueous solution by adsorbent from mixture of bagasse-bentonite.

The usage of wastes of baggase would be admirable from environmental and solid waste management point of view. Thus, herein, this data set present a facile method for providing an adsorbent from mixture of bagasse-bentonite. The prepared adsorbent was applied to remove Cd2+ from aqueous solution. The characterization data of the adsorbent were analyzed using XRF and FTIR methods. The XRF test results showed the changes of elemental content in adsorbent after the adsorption indicated that adsorbent can absorb Cd2+. The FTIR test results showed that adsorbent has a functional group that is useful in adsorption process. It was conducted in laboratory scale and the adsorption technique was batch technique. The information regarding isotherms of cadmium ions adsorption were listed. The Langmuir isotherm was suitable for correlation of equilibrium data. The acquired data indicated that the adsorption of Cd2+ by the adsorbent prepared from mixture of bagasse-bentonite is a promising technique for treating Cd-bearing wastewaters.

Characterization, kinetic, and isotherm data for adsorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solution by adsorbent from mixture of bagasse-bentonite.

The usage of wastes of bagasse would be admirable from environmental and solid waste management point of view. Thus, herein, this data set present a facile method for providing an adsorbent from mixture of bagasse-bentonite. The prepared adsorbent was applied to remove Pb2+ from aqueous solution. It was conducted in laboratory scale using completely randomized design with variations in mixed mass ratio (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, 3:1), pH (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and contact time (5, 10, 30, 45, 90, 120, 180 min) and the adsorption technique was batch technique. The mixed adsorbent with 3:1 of mass ratio provided the highest Pb2+ adsorption efficiency of 97.31%. The optimum pH of Pb2+ adsorption was 5 and contact time was efficient at 45 min giving adsorption efficiency of 94.76% and 93.38%. The characterization data of the adsorbent were analyzed using XRF and FTIR methods. The XRF test results showed the changes of elemental content in adsorbent after the adsorption indicated that adsorbent can absorb Pb2+. The FTIR test results showed that adsorbent has a functional group that is useful in adsorption process. Adsorption of Pb2+ by adsorbent from mixture of bagasse-bentonite follows pseudo second order model with correlation coefficient value of 99.99% (R2 = 0.9999) and Freundlich isotherm model with correlation coefficient value of 90.05% (R2 = 0.9005). The acquired data indicated that the adsorption of Pb2+ by the adsorbent prepared from mixture of bagasse-bentonite is a promising technique for treating Pb-bearing wastewaters.